Tuesday, November 18, 2008

endovenera

It is said that when a butterfly flaps its wings in the pacific it can cause a typhoon in Japan. The theory behind this is very much deeply routed in the ideal that two things, which are very much separated from each other, are in-fact are connected. Of course the only way a butterfly flapping its wings could cause a typhoon in Japan is if that butterfly where Mothra, but then the typhoon is the least of your problems...




For the last few years I have stored this question in reserve memory, until recently as i finally understand the true meaning of the Chaos theory. It is so much more then a flapping butterfly, but more so an idea that all our actions, negative or positive are connected. Im sure most people already know this, but never more has it been more apparent to me as i watch what was my dream fade to black. Cause of this economic burst the world may never see the full potential of geothermal energy and hydrogen technology. This is a huge loss for the world as both energy productions means produced a far superior answer to the energy question in-terms of longevity. Before I dissect the remains of a nation i must address the importance of this now flee-ding technology.



In California right now thirty new car companies have started up, ALL of them deal with the electric car. This seems like a strong step forward for a better tomorrow as it bridges the gap between the standard gas car and one that runs off of Al Gores tears. I know its a faux pas to hate on the electric car, but lets really think about what it offers the environment, and you the consumer. Twenty three percent of America still gets its electricity from coal, thirty eight from burning petroleum, and eight percent from nuclear power. So when you fill up your electric car you are indeed it just fueling the already flawed grid system. The U.S has enough geothermal heat to fuel two America's, yet they fail to maximize on this precious gift. Coal pollutes the air, nuclear waste takes a quarter of million years to not be a threat to humans, and well burning gas in a plant to fuel car is far from that much better. Yes, the footprint for the electric car is much smaller then that of your standard car, but is it the solution when better mens exist. Do we really need to bother with something when we know its not the end answer?



This end answer i speak of exists. Believe it or not it started in Canada. A small company out west called Ballard power really stepped up to the plate in 1992 and brought forth the idea of a hydrogen engine, or the fuel cell. Yes, element one on the periodic table was going to guide humanity out of the dark energy age and into the green one we so desperately need. The company eventually went public in the late 90's and the oil companies and car companies bought up all the shares and repressed this technology from ever coming out to the masses. Instead the public was given a fleet of buses running of hydrogen in London, which i believe have now been abandoned. Instead of injecting the enormous amount of capital the investors where sitting on into the company, Ballard lies stagnant in its own obscurity.



Now, i hate to use the term globalization, as really i see it to encompass a negative undertone, which in my own personal mantra doesn't exist in all cases. See the small nation of Iceland was experiencing the effects of the global market in the 1970's when it saw its main industry, the fish market, all but collapse. Seeing a dependancy on the rest of the world as a weakness, Iceland pulled up its slacks and developed a more self efficient model which made use of what it had. Geothermal heat can be found almost everywhere in Iceland, so the technology was developed and implemented to fuel the capital city of rekjvak. Geothermal heat plants were erected and the only waste it creates is hot water, which was used to create outdoor pools. Thats right, waste you can swim in and not turn into a "blinky". This technology further developed into green houses which can grow vegetables in the most barren of lands, and eventually Shell Iceland in conjunction with Ice New Energy dreamed up the first ever hydrogen fuel pump in 2001. The hydrogen is made on site using electricity from the geothermal plants and water from the mountains. The problem is the pump is just a mere accessory to the road site stop. The car's arent on the market for the average you and me to buy. The solitary pump sits in one of the farthest corners of the world, as if it didn't exist. If a key has no lock, what good is it?



Now what i believed to be the answer to the great transportation question has all faded away. The rescission has left Iceland a jobless waste. The technology to expand on this on site hydrogen model has all but been forgotten. How quick does the environment take a back seat when oil goes from $130 to $60 a barrel? It sad that it will more then likely take society another 15 years to consider hydrogen technology as a viable answer to societies energy problem. There is no doubt in my mind that this is one of the big solutions for specific regions with the means. Ethanol is far from perfect, even if Brasilia cane produces six times the efficiency of petrol. The cane is the produce of a slash and burn system which Brazil has perfected over time.



Since hydrogen requires electricity to make I know you are questioning the merit of these closing words. I too thought about this as well, seeking to have the best answer possible to solve this ever growing problem. I stand by hydrogen fuel cells based on this fact. Hydrogen can be made at plants, and individual stations using a single power source. If the producer was a economist, or just a smart man, he would see that either a solar or a wind power set up would minimize costs over time. Left over, if any, electricity can be sold to the grid to expand profits. If you owned an electric car, odds are you would just go home and plug it in at the end of the day. That plug is connected to a grid, which in fact is just a bouillabaisse of the staunch problems our society faces, with a little peppering of the under achieving alternatives. It is more realistic for the trucking companies as well. How many times would you have to re-charge your truck while hulling a load across the country?



The last question is what do I do now? I wish i could write something really inspiring that would really exaggerate my fighting spirit to bring forth the technology. The fact is I lack the resources, mainly capital, to make any serious headway. The will is there, but at this point its back to the drawing board. The chain of events that has to happen for Hydrogen is a long one, but one day it will see its fruition. Hopefully its sooner then later. I leave you with this video, a reminder of better times.

Saturday, March 22, 2008

Congrats seattle.

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Plastic is EVERYWHERE these days. With 3-5 percent of plastic actually being recycled, and the continuous push to make more and plastic goods, the world is becoming engulfed in this translucent substance. The real problem with plastic is that for something so abundant, and widely consumed, it is actually extremely hazardous to the human race, and might join Oreo’s on the list of why Timmy’s got a weight problem.



The North Pacific Gyre is a swirling vortex of ocean currents comprising most of the northern Pacific Ocean. It is located between the equator and 50º N latitude and occupies an area of approximately ten million square miles (34 million km². In the middle of this ocean lies a sign of human consumption so striking that it is all but surprising this hasn’t become a bigger issue then…. oh lets say what ever those crazy young celeb’s got up to this week
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What has been appropriately dubbed the "Great Pacific Garbage Patch" is an odd stretch of ocean, a place most boats purposely avoided. The ocean’s top predators: tuna, sharks, and other large fish that require livelier waters, flush with prey all avoid this ocean dead spot. The gyre is more like a desert, deep, clockwise-swirling vortex of air and water caused by a mountain of high-pressure air that lingered above it. Here one will find islands of floatasm and a plankton to plastic ratio of 1:6.


Plastic photo degrades, disintegrating in the ocean into smaller and smaller pieces. The pieces become so small they resemble zoo plankton and eventually are consumed by jellyfish, thus entering the food chain. Yes, im sure it is probably a few links up the food chain before you find that plastic in your Mcfish, so restless night syndrome hasn’t really kicked in yet, but rest assured this is not to be taken lightly.




Jellyfish aren’t the only animals to consume this plastic mess, sea birds are being found with stomach full of plastic items ranging from tampons applicators, lighters, cups, and other small pieces of plastic resembling bait fish. One Dutch researcher found an albatross with 1603 pieces of plastic inside its skeletal frame.



So why is this plastic bad for you? Why should one worry about the dangers of something that is used so widely in our everyday life. Our water comes packaged in it, meals are kept in, our dogs play with it, and it’s essentially societies go to semi-synthetic polymerization product. The problem is plastic is a petroleum-based mix of monomers that become polymers, to which additional chemicals are added for suppleness, in flammability, and other qualities. When it comes to these substances, even the syllables are frightening. Example, if you’re thinking that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) isn’t something you want to add to garnish your next plate with, then you would be right. Recently, the Science Advisory Board of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) upped its classification of PFOA to a likely carcinogen. Yet it’s a common ingredient in packaging that needs to be oil- and heat-resistant. So while there may be no PFOA in the popcorn itself, if PFOA is used to treat the bag, enough of it can leach into the popcorn oil when your butter deluxe meets your superheated microwave oven that a single serving spikes the amount of the chemical in your blood.



In food containers and plastic bottles, phthalates are found with another compound called bisphenol(BPA), scientists have discovering can wreak havoc in the body. The world produces 6 billion pounds of BPA each year, and it shows as BPA has been found in nearly every human who has been tested in the United States. We’re eating these plasticizing additives, drinking them, breathing them, and absorbing them through our skin every single day.



Most alarming, these chemicals may disrupt the endocrine system—the delicately balanced set of hormones and glands that affect virtually every organ and cell—by mimicking the female hormone oestrogen. MORE surprising then this is Dr. Vom Saal research which has indicated that prenatal exposure to low levels of BPA increased the rates postnatal growth in mice and rats. In layman terms...it made the babies fat. With the higher rates of postnatal growth, the rodent’s natural rate of insulin rose drastically then plunged violently, the definition of diabetes. The research only becomes more frightening when you realize that the diabetes rate has risen a 735 percent since 1935.





Except for the small amount that’s been incinerated—and it’s a very small amount—every bit of plastic ever made still exists. Even when plastic is broken down to a single molecule, it remains too tough for biodegradation. Truth is, no one knows how long it will take for plastic to biodegrade. The stuff was only invented 144 years ago. Science dictates its natural disappearance will take a few more centuries.




So Seattle just jumped on the bandwagon of cities banning plastic water bottles, in an attempt to keep the Starbucks home base on par with its pristine west coast image. The city spent 58 k on bottled water last year (not including the carbon footprint). So I would like to take this time to give away my first "shout-out" to Mayor Greg Nickels for his green steps forward for the Emerald city. Congratulations Seattle, not only is he a looker, he's a smart man.

Friday, February 29, 2008

VIVA LIBRATE!??????



North east off the Australian coast lies a French colony appropriately named "New Caledonia", new Scotland for those not fluent in latin. The French came and colonized these islands in the early 18th century, bringing about hostile tensions between them and the native Melanesian(Kanak)tribes who occupied the islands. A notable Kanak revolt that occurred in 1878 claimed over a thousand lives and resulted in increased repression on the part of the French colonizers. By the late Twentieth Century, Kanaks made up about 45% of New Caledonia's population, while Europeans (most born in the territory), made up about a third of the colony's population. Around this time there were growing pro-independence sentiments among the Konaks, while at the same time the European population strongly opposed the idea.




In the 1980s the Front de Liberation nationals Kanake et Socialists(FLNKS) was founded under the leadership of Jean-Marie Tjibaou. In November of 1984 violent clashes broke out between the pro-independence Kanaks and the Europeans who opposed independence. These were followed by violent riots in the capital, Noumea, causing France to declare a state of emergency lasting six months. The independence movement got a boost when the United Nations put New Caledonia on its decolonization list in 1986. France viewed the move as an attempt by the UN to interfere in its internal affairs and consequently expelled the Australian consul general from Noumea (Australia had been highly critical of France). In 1988 the peace process was marred when Kanak separatists attacked a police station and took 27 hostages. The French government retaliated, resulting in the death of 19 Kanaks. Soon after, pro- and anti- independence groups agreed to the Matignon Accord designed to reconcile the two camps by proposing an end to direct French rule and proposed a vote on independence to be held in 1998. When a referendum was held in 1998 a vote of %72 came back in favor of independence from France.



Residents of New Caledonia, all 244,000, currently enjoy full French citizenship, passports and all. The Franc is still the currency of choice as well, as you really cant have the euro in the south pacific.





Since 1986 the United Nations Committee on Decolonization has included New Caledonia on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories, this has given a considerable amount of power back into the hands of the Caledonia's. Under the Nouméa Accord (1998) control of taxation, labor law, health and hygiene, foreign trade, and others where placed back in the hands of the Territorial Congress and government. Laws where passed since then which have made it illegal for new residents to vote, essentially ensuring the referendum will sway to the "oui" side come 2014.





The tensions brought between these two rivaling factions was fueled by something greater then land, but years of repression, disease and slavery. In 1849, a clan of Pouma ATE the crew of the CUTTER after they attempted to enslave them to work in the sugarcane fields in Queensland, this practice was called blackbirding. Blackbirding took place in Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands as well, both places where canabilism was by no means taboo a 150 years ago. As cool as eating your oppressor may sound, it probably wasn't the smartest of actions plans given the fact the Europeans brought diseases with them such as smallpox, measles, syphilis, and leprosy. Needless to say, Pierre and Jon were rarely served up as a main. Also aiding these tensions is the fact the European's cultivated the dry forest areas of the western side of the island to the point of erosion.




Now as most of North of America watches Obamamania roll battle the Clintons, in a 100million dollar (1/60th of New Caledonia's GDP) campaign battle, a quite battle rages on in shadows between France and the tiny nation island. So everyone mark it on your calenders cause in 2014 a referendum that will make October 30th 1995 look like child's play.




However will the Islanders be better off sans "Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité"? Well one would think the islanders have a good understanding of the culture and problems they would face on a day to day basis, however I do raise some critical concerns. The ecosystems of New Caledonia is essentially a blank canvas untouched by the brush of evolution. Many of the flora and fauna are uniquely distinct to the small islands, and have vacated the islands long before "the land before time". With such ecological treasures one would assume the government and people would treat the land as if it were a sacred cow, however such has not been the case. Rapid destruction has taken place in search of the islands vast nickel and mineral resources. In the 1990's a man named Bruno Van Peteghem studied and wrote about the destructive human effects on the Caledonian ecosystem. Bruno Van Peteghem sought to implement and observe reasonable environmental norms (transparency in legal proceedings, implementation of required environmental studies prior to destructive human activities, and unbreakable protection of the most critical of biological preserves). After his recommendations he received firebombs and numerous threats leading him to abandon the island due to employment based pressure. Bruno Van Peteghem eventually went on to win the Goldmen Environmental Prize for his sacrifice in the New Caledonia struggle. Eventually Laws became passed that slowed down the dressing down of the ecosystem, but most efforts fall well short of solving the problems. Every year, more of New Caledonia's natural environment is destroyed or degraded all over its small landmass, due to governmental inaction and willful lack of funding for protective resources. The problem, is the fact that local environmental-protection agencies, equipped with intelligent oversight of natural resources, have invoked few well-intentioned, counterproductive measures whose ultimate effect is to undercut the preservation of natural genetic diversity of the territory's natural growth. Essentially economic growth is taking president over the longevity of the ecosystem. Nickel and other minieral resources have already shown a slowdown, foreshadowing an eventual depletion of resources, cause lets face it when your islands half the size of Taiwan, you only have so much to work with.



So really the moral question comes into play, should France still play a part in New Caledonia? Well France would be more equipped with the tools to save the ecosystem, however history has shown that they would most likely placed to good use. New Caledonia does have historical right to the land and all the resources it produces, however what they do with is very much in question. I would hate to see that one day something that has lasted since the dinosaurs roamed, just disappeared off the face of the earth due to human involvement. Just think about it, WE USED TO HAVE SEA COWS!




Now there shape may be a cruel joke on the part of god, not evolution (thanks Bill), but seriously they could be one of the happiest looking sea creatures around. Id be lieing if I said I wasn't sad when I found out they arent around anymore.

I must say i side with The Kanak, as well not only does the world "Kanak" sound like "Canuck", but when it comes down to it, the French have only been there for 150 years, and prior to invasion there was 50,000 years of self rule. I may be day dreaming but I believe that a deeper sense of pride in your nation, which 2014 will no doubt provide, will force the issue of longevity.



This problem of thinking in short term, which has been a resident mind set over the last hundred years, is that potential growth, which always out produces current growth, is thrown away. The maximum potential GDP over a long period of time, is higher then that of the aggregate GDP over the same period of given time with a slew of short turn economic gestures. It is my believe that New Caledonia with full independence can achieve economic and ecosystem stability if it is willing to step up to the mound, and listen to outside ideas (U.N) sans firebombing.




In ending i would like to leave these points.
- I would love to visit one day and see all the natural beauty that has been around longer then Lucy re runs.
- Firebombing, WTF?
- Its funny that French motto is "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity", yet during the conquest of New Caledonia they eroded away huge parts off their culture and landscape. Not to mention they made slaves out of thousands of Islanders. Equality? what ever you say le boss.





FOOTBALL FACTS
- New Caledonia and THATI are getting a specail visit in may when the France 98 world cup team comes to play a game against the respective French Polynessian teams. Zinedine Zidane, Fabien Barthez, Robert Pires, Christian Karembeu, Pascal Vaihirua, Laurent Blanc, Lillian Thuram, Lionel Charbonnier and Bixente Lizarazu will all be dawning the rooster jersey one more time.

- Since Australia is now considered apart of the AFC, New Caledonia has a chance of being the one team from the OFC to play in the world Cup. Currently they are sitting second behind New Zealand, with having playing one less game. If New Caledonia beats Vanuatu and Fiji again, they have a shot at playing New Zealand in a home and away showdown to see who gets that one OFC spot.

- In the South Pacific Games New Caledonia has won 5 times, the first being in 1963 and the latest in 2007. Pierre Wajoka was the leading striker of the team.


- Currently they are ranked 115 in the world, which is the highest ranking to date. There lowest ranking came when

- The biggest wins come from a game against Micronesia on July 1st, 2003. The score was 18-0.

- The biggest losse was 11-0 against New Zealand, in 2002. New Zealand hasnt played New Caledonia as of yet in qualifying for 2010. Hopes are very high for a white horse victroy.

Sunday, February 24, 2008

Icelandic labour market.




Isolated above the artic circle there lies an island that teeters on the edge of uninhabitable. Mainly glaciers and volcanic sands, Iceland offers little farm land and indigenous crops. The 300,000 inhabitants1 of this island are the direct descendents of rouge Vikings who fled corrupt government rule to create a new society and standards in which to govern themselves. These Vikings established what was to be the first recognized parliament in 9602 called the Althing. Icelandic history is littered with peaceful and organized shifts towards the best plausible outcome for its inhabitants; the Icelandic labour situation is no different.




The Icelandic labour market on average flips between two to one percent unemployment, with a union coverage rate of eighty –eight percent3. If one is not part of a given union, but still works in a field with union coverage, then that individual can still benefit from indirect union coverage as ninety-five percent of Icelandic labour fields are protected by labour unions4. Labour unions in Iceland are well organized power full groups who usually encompass more then one industry and bring unity and nationalism to working in Iceland. The largest group, ASI, encompasses half the nations working force and works directly with the Icelandic government to prompt the longevity of the Icelandic economic market5. There have been many bumps on the road to get where Iceland is now, and in this essay one can see how the labour market has had to deal with the failing fish markets in the early 90s that collapsed the Faroese markets, and the inequality that exists between women and men in the Icelandic labour markets. Also a focus will be to examine how the Icelandic government promotes strong unions and labour participation to better Iceland’s world position through laws and regulation to help shake the obscurity that comes with being an isolated island. Iceland has taken many steps to aide in its survival in a harsh climate and world, with the creation of one of the first thermal energy plants in the late eighties. Ninety-nine percent of Icelandic power comes from hydroelectricity from geothermal heat. Iceland also was the first country to offer fuel cell gas stations to help aid in the fight against global warming6. The Icelandic government has a pattern of forward thinking that one can see as common theme through out its labour markets history, which has allowed Iceland to get to this point.



The Icelandic labour market is comprised of one the highest participations rates anywhere in the world, as while as having the fourth highest GDP and highest GNP per capita of any country7. The Industrial Relations Act dates from 1938 have remained largely unchanged until 1996 when some amendments were made. The 1938 Act ensures wage-earners the right to form unions, open to everyone belonging to the trade in question within a particular district8. The Act stipulates that unions be organized by trade rather than by firms or industries. In consequence, within large firms, the workforce may belong to twenty or more unions. After WWII Iceland was left in a relatively good position comparative to Europe and used this to gain its independence from the still ravished Denmark. Seeing a quick opening in European market Iceland made strides to capitalize in its advantage and ratified ILO Convention No. 87 (1948), the Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize Convention in 1950 and ILO Convention No. 98 (1949), the Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining Convention, in 19529. The main priority of Iceland was to have as little unemployment as possible as they felt the best possible labour market was to give more rights to the already existing labour unions to make work more appealing10. Disputes over industrial relations, such as strikes and interpretation of pay agreements, are referred to the Labor Court, a group of appointed judges, who also are members of the civil labour union themselves11.



The Icelandic Federation of Labor (ASÍ), founded in 1916, and is the largest trade union in Iceland. Most of the unions that comprise the ASÍ are organized into six national federations. In all, there are a hundred and eleven unions affiliated to ASÍ federations and fourteen unions belonging directly to it12. Roughly there are hundred and twenty-five unions with membership with 69,500 branches at the end of 1999. Control lies with the individual unions and their members13. The ASÍ does not negotiate wage agreements, but rather puts recommendations to individual unions for approval or rejection. Negotiating policy is usually determined by a committee of chairmen of the federations (and of unions with direct membership). When this body opts for a centralized bargaining round, a negotiating committee is chosen which must seek a mandate from each individual union14. As well, it must seek authority for calling for strikes. Once a wage contract has been negotiated, it must be put to the vote at a general meeting in each individual union. Public employees are organized into numerous unions which in turn belong to three different federations. The Federation of State and Municipal Employees (BSRB) is composed of thirty-five unions in state or municipal employment, with a total membership of 16,810 (as of the end of 1999)15. Employers are required by law to deduct from the wages of their respective workers for their contributions payable to the trade unions, these rules as specified in the applicable collective agreements. This obligation is based on Act No. 55/1980 and collective agreements16. Union fees are determined by trade unions and are roughly one percent of the worker’s wages17. Collective bargaining in Iceland is governed by Act No. 80/1938 which gives the right to trade unions to negotiate agreements with employers concerning the wages and other terms of employment18. Collective agreements are generally automatically binding on all workers and employers who work within its occupational and geographical area. Agreements are negotiated by individual trade unions where local conditions are taken into account19. Also offered is the enterprising agreement, which Incorporates into all collective agreements a chapter called “Company-related parts of collective agreements”, known as an agreement within the general agreement achieved between a given firm and its workers20. The idea behind the enterprising -related agreement is to better the cooperation of employees and executives in the workplace, specifically making adjustments to improve the wages to increase productivity. This type of agreement can cover many issues, shift-work, including flexible daytime work, a four-day work week, postponement of weekly day off rest etc. An enterprise agreement does not constitute a collective agreement, as the employers' associations and trade unions are not parties to the agreement21. They can, be called upon to participate in discussions as advisors. Union representatives at the work-place act as spokesmen for workers in the course of discussions with the firm's executives.Employers are prohibited from discriminating between applicants for work on the basis of gender. The same applies for promotion, changing of position, continuing education, vocational training, study sabbaticals, dismissal, employee’s working conditions and the working environment50. It is also illegal for an employer to discriminate in advertisement that they may prefer the preference of one specific gender or race. However if the aim of the advertiser is to promote a more equal distribution of the sexes within an occupational sector, a vacancy may be allowed to be posted if such is the case.





The legal age to start work is fourteen, as well as become a member of a given union. Retirement age for a worker is not mentioned anywhere in Icelandic law; however collective agreements in the private sector labour market can be prearranged51. Old age pension for most workers is set at the age of sixty-seven. Workers can opt for early retirement at sixty-five or postpone their retirement to the age of seventy. Seamen are however entitled to old age pension at the age of 60, if they chose to retire completely52. One can be self employed and collect a pension still, however there is a social stigma attached to this. Unionized industries are entitled to collective rights, where employers and workers in unions can come to certain agreements for employers in there industry. Act No. 55/1980 states, that wages and other working terms agreed between the social partners in collective agreements are minimum terms, independent of sex, nationality etc. for all workers in there respective field within the area covered by the agreement53. Minimum wage, therefore, is negotiated per-field and usually only applies to those under eighteen and working part time. Fulltime unionized workers rarely ever receive minimum wage unless in the service industry. Collective agreements negotiated by trade unions affiliated to SGS define full-time work as 173.33 working hours per month (forty hours per week)54. For office workers the working hours per month is measured as 162.5 hours. Work exceeding these limits is paid as percentage of the daytime rate and paid as overtime. Wages for overtime are defined as an hourly pay equalling 1.0385% of the monthly wages for day works.



Iceland is a full member of the European Free Trade Association entering into a free trade agreement with the European Community in 197322. The agreement allowed cross free cross-border movement of labor, capital, goods, and services between Iceland, Norway, and the EU countries. Even with globalizing friendly agreements like this the government of Iceland remains opposed to EU membership, primarily because of Icelanders' concern about losing control over their fishing resources. Iceland also has bilateral free trade agreements with several countries outside the EEA23. The most extensive of these is the Hoyvík Agreement between Iceland and the Faroe Islands, this agreement goes deeper than the EEA agreement by establishing free trade in agricultural products between the nations. Iceland also has a free trade agreement with Mexico. Roughly eighty percent of exported agricultural goods in Iceland are some form aquatic life24.




A problem presented in the Icelandic labour market is the unfair treatment of women in the work place. Icelandic culture is deeply rooted in the dominance of males and few female heroes have risen out the sub arctic dessert. Originally Iceland started off as a land where women could claim land, and be subject to the same amount of rights as men. Today Iceland is seen to be behind Europe in its treatment of women in the workplace. Europe in general has never really had a great track record for treatment of women in the labour market, generally paying women twenty-five percent less of what men are paid. Iceland in 1975 women where paid thirty-five percent less for doing the same job as a man56. In 1975 Icelandic women held only five percent of the seats in parliament and conditions for being a woman in the Icelandic women labour market where very undesirable, as men where getting the better jobs. In October 1975, 25,000 Icelandic women attracted worldwide attention when they left their homes and workplaces to go on strike57. They gathered for two hours in the centre of Reykjavik in what was the country's largest political rally ever. There efforts proved to be effective, as by 2005, the pay gap had decreased by ten percent and more women where seeking post secondary education58. According to the trade unions in 2005, women on average earned fourteen percent less than men, an improvement from the 1975wage gap59. Additionally, in June 2005 the Icelandic Business College reported that its female graduates went on to earn up to fifty percent less than their male classmates59. Some women's rights activists express concern that only fourteen percent of the Supreme Court bar and twenty-four out of a hundred and forty-eight professors at the national university are women. In January 2005 the Supreme Court ruled against the municipality of Akureyri in a gender wage discrimination case where a female department head was paid considerably less than a male counterpart60. The court ordered the town to pay restitution as well as adjust the woman's salary. On October 25th 2005, fifty thousand women walked of the job. The protesters included actresses, politicians, fish factory workers, teachers and diplomatic staff. Embassies grounded to a halt, as did the banks, government departments, most shops and kindergartens60. The group gathered and marched through Reykjavik and other Icelandic towns, banging pots and pans shouting, "Women, let's be loud!" and "Equality now!”60. The rally was stunning as the population of Iceland is only three hundred thousand. Currently women hold thirty three per cent of the seats in parliament, and eighty per cent of female population are a part of the work force, up from fifty per cent in 1974. Iceland has had a woman president, Vigdis Finnbogadottir, reigning between 1980 and 1996. But while the situation of women has improved since the 1975 strike, which was to highlight World Women Day, organizers of the 2005 rally say the conditions are still not good enough. Low pay in female dominated professions such as nursing and professional child care is cited as proof that inequality still exists60. The Icelandic government has made strides since the 1975 and 2005 strike in making women’s place in labour market more welcoming and fair. However the laws do not just change the root of the problem over night. The right was given to women of a six months maternity leave, where employers are prohibited to dismiss a pregnant woman or a parent on parental leave was passed in 197661. Benefits on parental leave are to be paid by the employer or by the State Social Security Institute. Women employed by the state, municipalities and banks receive compensation from employers with full pay for the first three months and the basic monthly pay for the second three months62. The compensation paid by the Social Security Institute is considered a “birth allowance” that is related to labour force participation. All pregnant women are entitled to free medical services during pregnancy and a free hospital stay for the delivery of the child. There is also a provision forcing employers to move a pregnant woman to another position if her current job threatens her life or health or that of her child. The ILO states that Iceland had ratified all its labour requirements in regards to women in the workplace prior the 2005 strike, however recommendations where made to better the conditions of the equality in the work force, not with the laws in place as they certainly exist, but rather the mental attitude towards women63. The main problem in Iceland that all the laws can’t change the culture which has been predominates in this society. One in three women in Iceland will be the victim of spousal abuse; this is an incredibly high number. Women are facing an uphill cultural battle, conditions are getting better at a snails pace, but that is the time it takes to change a cultural mentality. Overtime and different generations the mentality will change, as the trends show, but the fact still remains that women in the Icelandic work place are treated as second class citizens.




The Icelandic fishing industry is one of Iceland’s cornerstone economies, once providing thirty percent of the nation’s employment in 1965, now only employing ten percent of the work force in fishing and eighteen percent in processing25. Icelandic marine fishery landings account for 2.1 per cent of the world’s catches, making Iceland the twelve-largest fishing nation26. Domestically the industry is important, being itself the second most important industry, next to the finance and banking sector. The Icelandic waters are abundant, containing large amounts of redfish, herring, cod and capelin. The most important species landed into Iceland, in terms of value and volume is cod, redfish and haddock27. While less important than the capture industry, fish farming is a growing industry, yielding high returns on investment. During the 1910’s the average Icelandic fishermen worked around the clock for low pay and achieved little sleep. In 1918 a group fishermen and dock hands formed what today is the ASI, Iceland’s first labour union, to gain more right in what was perceived to be the most important industry in Iceland at the time28. The group of men lobbied for better pay and more rights in there jobs, such as more time between shifts. In Iceland one must have eight hours of rest between shifts as a result of the ASI’s early actions. During the 1950s and 1970s Iceland was in what is not referred to as the “cod wars”, or Landhelgisstríðin, which translated to the “war of territorial water”. In 1972 Iceland declared an Exclusive Economic Zone extending beyond its territorial waters (fifty nautical miles)29. It policed its quota system with the coast guard, leading to a series of net-cutting incidents with British trawlers that fished the areas. As a result, a fleet of British Royal Naval warships and tug-boats was employed to act as a deterrent against any future harassment of British fishing crews by the Icelandic guard. In 1976, a deal between the two countries was reached allowing a maximum of twenty four British trawlers access to the disputed 200 nautical mile (370 km) limit30. Two-hundred-nautical-mile Exclusive Economic Zones became recognized internationally on November 14, 1994. Iceland’s cornerstone argument in winning its rights was the concerns of over fishing. The workers feared that British vessels would take all the cod and a portion of the European market who originally bought from the Icelandic fleets31. The ASI and other fishing unions where greatly enraged and showed great concern over job losses and future instability in the Icelandic fishing market. At the time more then thirty percent of the labour force was employed by fishing outfits and other related industries32. The unions and the government agreed in the 1970 to fund a research committee to look at the effects of over fishing and the population of the cod in the Icelandic water. The committee concluded its research in 1972 and found that the Icelandic cod population had started to decrease, and that quotas systems for protectionism where needed to preserve the industry33. The unions and government quickly acted and protested the British fleets trawling and imposed quotas on its own fleets. The unions lobbied to have transfer rights of the quota, so if one boat in a fleet didn’t catch its limit and another did, then the one that reached its limit early could catch more fish so the combined amount of fish was at the limit34. This was seen as a great victory for the Icelandic fishing unions and government as they stood up to the Great British power and won. However due to the research, employment in the fishing sector started a steady decline and employment in other industries such as aluminum smelting and fish farming began to rise35. Diversity was brought into Iceland and the whole complexity of its industries changed. In 1990 cod prices dropped world wide and the market crashed. Iceland lost millions of dollars while some companies faced bankruptcy; a nation halfway to Scotland called the Faroe Islands essentially went bankrupt having ninety percent of its employment in the fishing industry, a snapshot of what Iceland could have been if the economy never developed36. The Faroe Islands, being loosely unionized, offered no protectionism towards its own industry in terms of stock or slot limits, where as Iceland was twenty five years into its reconstruction of its markets. The diversity offered in Iceland’s labour force and almost perfect mobility of workers allowed Iceland to slowly shift over time to diversify its self to prevent a national fall out of prices. Government and union initiatives added a whole new level of diversity to there labour market. The Icelandic Fishing unions and workers still hold onto a lot of political power in the Icelandic government, as demonstrated in the 1995 fishermen’s strike. The Icelandic fishing industry suffered during the mid 90s during the markets down turn. Three hundred ships, containing five thousand men were left in harbor during May 1995 as fishermen walked off the job demanding a higher pay37. This happened while the bus drivers union, bankers and bakers was threatening to strike as well. With all this unrest the national labour federation of Iceland gave a 7.5 pay raise across the board. On the heels of the fishing unions victories, the cargo shipping union gained a 12.5 increase in there nominal wages38. The fishermen where credited with forcing the employers and government to budge and increase the wages in the disgruntle industries39.In summation, the Icelandic fishing industry has played a huge role in shaping the labour markets and economic strategy of Iceland for eighty years.



Iceland is currently facing a situation not many other nations of the economic north are, that of to many jobs and not enough people. Iceland is currently dealing with two main issues that arise from this, the question of should they join the EU to help push its economy into the new millennium and the labour market regulations of foreign employment. Iceland has stated in a 2005 report made by the central bank of Iceland, that Iceland does in fact favor globalization, as it depends on the trade of goods to make living in its harsh climate more comfortable for the masses39. A hot topic in Iceland is if Iceland should join the EU. The main concern that the Bank of Iceland presents is that if Iceland becomes apart of the EU then it will possibly suffer asymmetric shocks to the economy that the Faroese economy suffered in the1990’s40. Substantial variation in labour market participation and frequent adjustments of the exchange rate seem to have held unemployment in check in Iceland. With the introduction of the euro the government surrenders control of the relative nominal wages; hence real wages in a given field can fall41. If Iceland becomes part of the EU the nominal wage flexibility available to real wage will be the price level decided by a supranational authority. The fear manifests around the idea that Iceland will loose control of its labour markets as the government and banks can not control the flow of business being brought in to the Icelandic economy42. Multi-national corporations seem to have a stigma in dealing with unions in this ever globalizing world. Iceland has built an economy that favors unions, and doesn’t want to see its hard work destroyed. In all this doom and gloom of Iceland joining the EU there is a pro in the whole situation, higher international trade43. Iceland doesn’t look to be joining the EU anytime soon, as main public opinion and big players in the unions fear it would harm them more then benefit the greater good. Iceland has found a medium in joining the EU to allow industries that lack employees, mainly that in the blue collar field, to staff there fields. The government has recently allowed people from Bulgaria, Hungry, and Romania to come to Iceland on work permits to fill vacant jobs in such industries44. One has to apply online or via mail for a position through the EURIS, which is the Icelandic government run job bank. One can apply for a work permit if a company already extended a job offer, which in that case the EURIS offers a work permit for the period required by that company up until a year, after which the foreign employee has to re apply or apply for citizenship45. If one is applying for a vacant job through the EURIS, which happens to be the only job placement service in Iceland, and gets a position, then the foreigner receives a three months work permit 46. Equal treatment must be given to foreign employees under Icelandic law, so it’s not to seem people aren’t being imported to undercut Icelanders all ready in the field47. Equal treatment tends to stop at the work place as it is up to foreigners on work permits to pay for any medical attention they may need48. Foreigners may apply for citizenship after a year with the recommendation of employers and the appropriate sponsorship. The Iceland government is capitalizing on the available workforce in Eastern Europe to fill the labour intensive jobs the general Icelandic doesn’t wish to do anymore. This is mainly because more people are becoming educated, such as the twenty five percent more women attending post secondary school since 197549. Iceland’s economy was very much built on the drive of the working class, and still today depends on the success of this industry to drive the labour market. Icelanders aren’t essentially choosing not to work these jobs; it just so happens the market shift has opened the doors to more analytical jobs, while still leaving the blue collar jobs available. Right now the foreign labour market seems to be doing well for the Icelanders as there economy is thriving on the diversity of jobs made available which allows for greater independence from other nations.



In conclusion the Icelandic labour market is the product of government and union co-operation. This can be seen in how laws and standards in the Icelandic labour marker reflect that of a safe environment. The evolution of the fishing industry is drenched in the cooperation of state and labors to find longevity within its self. The current state of the Icelandic labour market shows a nation protecting its self from a vulnerable yet productive venture in joining the EU. Iceland has sought out its own solution to under employment and only time will really tell if it will be successful as it is still in its infancy stages. As great of a place the Icelandic market may sound it does have its problems, as one could see in the struggles the female population faces in the labour market. Iceland’s longevity depends on the monetary success of the workers and companies based in Iceland. The island is not large enough in numbers to suffer from continuity of a disgruntled work force. The laws and the union friendly environment are calculated events that try to ensure the success of its labour market so it can compete from harsh lands within an unstable ever changing global market.

Saturday, February 16, 2008

Super Mario 2 IS A LIE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!



Really I'm sure at some point most of everyone who grew up in North America around my age has played NES. I would almost bet that everyone who has played this system has experienced the 8-bit fun that the Mario Bro's have brought to the table. I can remember waking up early every weekend morning (something at the ripe age of 22 I STILL CAN'T SHAKE) to play Nintendo with my father. Certain games were in the heavy rotation, like black bass, cabal, Dr. Mario and golf. There was one game though that stood out from all of the other cartridges, Super Mario Bros 3. Now I'm sure everyone who owned Nintendo had Super Mario Bros 1, and don't get me wrong its a fun game as thats probably a huge factor in being the best selling video game of all time, but it lacked the magic of super mario 3.



I remember waking up and running to the basement to see my dad playing the 2 player mode, keeping Lugi warm for me like the best dad he is, somewhere around the sand level. Usually we played until we lost all of our lives or beat the game, which only happened twice. I never really owned mario bros 2, actually I only had one friend who owned this game, and from what I can remember he had all the cool toys of the 90's (slip and slide, crocodile mile, 3D0, virtual boy, merlin, and 3 in 1 air hockey, ping pong and pool).




My first experience with this game was rather mixed, it looked like mario, it said "mario", but it didn't really feel like mario. The were no weird mushroom guys or fireballs, but instead these weird ghost guys (according to Nintendo "weird guys" and RADISHES? what kind of B.S is this...Italians dot eat radishes, mario would have been so much more bad ass with some fireballs or a tail. Also whats up with those sub-space levels where vegetables give you coins? Also instead of dragon turtle half breed bosses, the player was left to do battle with a pink dinosaur who spat out eggs? There was no challenge in beating Barny's down-syndrome brother.



Pipes were replaced by Aztec vases, magic carpets all the sudden made an appearance, and worst of all one of the best villains in a video game, EVER, was replaced with a freaking white mouse. If its any consolation, he seemed like he ate all of mario's mozzarella. What kinda of name is MOUSER anyway.




So the million dollar question is why would they fix what isn't broke, Super mario was a hit selling 25 million plus copies before SMB2 came out. The answer is...IT ISNT ACTUALLY SUPER MARIO 2, IT IS Yume Kōjō: Doki Doki Panic!






Yume Kōjō: Doki Doki Panic was developed in cooperation with Fuji Television to promote its Yume Kōjō '87 (tr. Dream Factory '87) event, which showcased several of Fuji TV's latest TV shows and other products at the time. The game featured the mascots of the Yume Kōjō festival — a family consisting of siblings Imajin and Lina and their parents, Papa and Mama — as its main characters. Essentially what happened was Nintendo bought the rights from FUJI and changed the characters to the mario cast.



Doki Doki Panic's intro sequence is this: Two kids are reading a book, when a big green hand pops out and yanks them into the book. Their pet monkey runs off to find help. A family finds the book, then decides to jump into it and save the kids. In Super Mario Bros. 2, the intro is just a story about how Mario dreamt about some weird land. Not too exciting.






There of course where some other slight changes, mainly stuff that someone could do in half a day. They speed up the waterfalls, in SMB2 the underworld music has an added drum sample and is slowed down from the original version in Doki Doki Panic, the slot machine minigame has a green background in Doki Doki Panic, as opposed to the title screen variant in smb2 and in Doki Doki Panic, when a bomb explodes, it says "BOM", as opposed to "BOMB" in Super Mario Bros. 2.








Really everyone was dupped. Not even the Wizard knew this was going on. It was a brilliant economic move to capitalize on the success of the worlds most beloved Italian plumber. The copy sold something like 8 million in the N of A, and I'm sure more in Europe as well, unless the British where still playing commadore 64.



Nintendo actually did make a SMB2 game, but it turned out too similar to the first SMB, and it was believed it wouldn't progress the series any further. The game never hit the market until it was released as the "lost levels" on Super Mario all stars for super Nintendo. If you ever played super mario all stars you know this was probably a smart move cause those lost levels where a huge snore fest, and most likely should have stayed "lost".





and now you know.
marc